FDA的测试表明，为了获得可测量的温度升高，物品必须在最长读取时间内以非常接近的范围曝光很长一段时间，——通常在项目级的RFID实施中没有这种情况。

 

安全性:生物制品

谬论：UHF频率有加热药物的能力，并可能改变药物的化学成分，给消费者带来可能的安全问题。

 

真实的场景:

在典型的RFID项目级别部署中，物品距离读写器器大约18~24英寸，并且该物品在读写器区域保持少于10秒。为了在最近的测试中获得一个可测量的温度升高，物品在非常接近的范围（离读写器仅几英寸）暴露在UHF能量中，达一个或多个小时-这不是真实的RFID实施场景。

 

事实:

确实，UHF和HF的能量能够被某些物质吸收，因此能够提高某一物质的温度。然而，由于极低的功率，物质需要暴露在频率上数小时以上。美国规范标准的UHF读写器的输出功率不大于1W，而在欧洲的UHF 读写器的输出功率则仅仅只是0.5W。

这些数字分别是100瓦灯泡的1/100和1/200的功率。为了提高温度，一种物质需要留在读写器范围里停留几个小时。然而，在实际利用RFID的应用中，这种情况不会发生–在传送带上的药瓶和药瓶会暴露在读写器区域仅仅几秒钟--时间很短不足以有效或可测量地升高任何物品的温度。

美国FDA进行的一项主要涉及计算机建模和有限物理测试的研究证实了这一说法。

根据一个不可行的最坏情况而不是实际的部署指标，FDA的研究表明，放置距离超高频RFID天线5厘米(2英寸）的14.4厘米(5.6英寸)距离的胰岛素在读写器持续传输能量一小时后将升温1.7°C（3°F）。

 

然而，在典型的物品级RFID项目应用中，物品只会暴露在读写器传输的几秒钟内，并且距离阅读器的平均距离为46-60厘米（18-24英寸）。美国FDA的测试表明，为了获得可测量的温度升高，物品必须在最非常接近的读写器的读取范围内暴露很长一段时间 ---通常在物品级的RFID项目实施中不会发生。

 

来自该协会进行的实际实验室环境中非正式测试的结果进一步验证了FDA计算机建模的结果。在一个简单的实验中，环境温度为72°F（22.2°C）的生理盐水溶液连续暴露在非常近的范围，从RFID超高频阅读器获得全部功率。它需要24小时持续暴露于UHF能量的盐水中，以加热1.7°C（3°F）---这对于实际的RFID部署和工作来说不会发生。

 

相比之下，HF阅读器使用更高的功率。在美国，最大高频阅读器瓦数是2瓦，在欧洲，高频阅读器可以输出高达10瓦。 尽管阅读器功率有所增加，但由麦哲伦科技公司在高频阅读器上进行的测试产生了与FDA测试和该联盟的非正式测试相同的结果。 为了使温度上升一度，必须将Tunnel Reader中的持续能量暴露16小时。在实际的RFID项目级实现中，需要产生可测量的热增量的度量标准不会发生。

安全性不是频率的函数。UHF系统可以为敏感数据提供与基于HF的系统相同级别的安全性。Gen2提供了内置的安全措施，包括32位访问和杀死密码保护，传输数据的覆盖编码等等。

除了这些标准之外的额外安全性，由客户和应用程序需求驱动，可轻松集成到超高频RFID系统中——不受频率限制。

 

 

UHF vs. HF：谬论与事实

 

英译原文：

 

 

The FDA tests illustrate that, in order to obtain a measurable increase in temperature, items must be exposed at very close range at maximum reader power for a long period of time — criteria typically not found in item level RFID implementations.

 

 

Safety: Biologics  

The myth: The UHF frequency has the capability to heat medications and possibly alter the chemical makeup of the medication, creating possible safety issues for consumers.

The reality:

 

In the typical RFID item level deployment, items are approximately 18 to 24 inches from the reader, and the item remains in the reader field for less than 10 seconds. In order to obtain a measurable rise in temperature in recent tests, substances were exposed to UHF energy at a very close range (just a few inches from the reader) for one or more hours — not a feasible realworld implementation scenario.

 

The facts:

 

It is true that UHF, as well as HF energy, is absorbed by certain materials and is, therefore, capable of increasing the temperature of a given substance. However, due to the extremely low power, substances would need to be exposed to the frequency for many hours. UHF reader output in the U.S. can be no greater than 1 watt, and in Europe, it is 0.5 watt.

 

 

Those amounts are 1/100th and 1/200th of the power in a 100-watt light bulb, respectively. In order to raise the temperature, a substance would need to remain in the reader field for hours. However, in reallife RFID applications, that does not occur — bottles or vials of medication and cases on a conveyor belt are exposed to the reader field for just a few seconds — not long enough to effectively or measurably raise the temperature of any item.

 

 

A study primarily involving computer modeling with limited physical testing conducted by the U.S. FDA validates this statement.16 Based on a non-feasible worst-case scenario instead of actual deployment metrics, the FDA study states that a 14.4 cm/5.6 in. vial of insulin placed 5 cm/2 in. away from a UHF RFID antenna will heat up 1.7°C/3°F after an hour of continual energy transmission from the reader. However, in the typical item level RFID application, items would only be exposed for seconds to the reader transmission, and would be an average distance of 18 – 24 inches/46 – 60 cm from the reader. The FDA tests illustrate that, in order to obtain a measurable increase in temperature, items must be exposed at very close range at maximum reader power for a long period of time — criteria typically not found in item level RFID implementations.

 

 

The results from informal testing in an actual lab environment conducted by this consortium further validate the results from the FDA computer modeling. In a simple experiment, a saline solution at ambient temperature 72°F (22.2°C) was continuously exposed at extremely close range to full power from an RFID UHF reader. It required 24 hours of constant exposure to UHF energy for the saline to heat up 3°F/1.7°C — an unlikely scenario for a real-world RFID deployment.

 

 

HF readers, by comparison, use a much higher wattage. In the U.S., maximum HF reader wattage is 2 watts, and in Europe, HF readers can put out up to 10 watts. In spite of the increase in reader power, a test conducted by Magellan Technology on HF readers produces the same results as the FDA tests and this consortium’s informal test. An item had to be exposed to continual energy in the company’s Tunnel Reader MSTRP 5050 for 16 hours in order to obtain a one-degree temperature rise. The metrics that were required to produce a measurable increase in heat would not occur in real-world RFID item level implementations.

 

Security is not a function of frequency. UHF systems can provide the same level of security for sensitive data as an HF-based system. Gen 2 provides built-in security measures, including 32-bit access and kill password protection, cover-coding of transmitted data, and more.

Additional security beyond those standards, driven by customer and application requirements, is easily integrated into a UHF RFID system — there is no limitation due to frequency. 

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